Pathogenesis and management of pain in osteoarthritis pdf

Osteoarthritis oa is one of the most chronic health disorders in the western world and becomes particularly common with advanced age. Seminar pathogenesis and management of pain in osteoarthritis. Pathogenesis and management of pain in osteoarthritis the. Being physically active can reduce pain, improve function, mood, and quality of life for adults with arthritis. Pain, discomfort and progressive loss of functionality are common signs of this condition.

Early knee osteoarthritisdefinition, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Director, indiana university multipurpose arthritis and musculoskeletal diseases center. Oa pathogenesis and risk factors osteoarthritis action alliance. Verbal and numerical rating scales best quantify pain intensity in older patients. Osteoarthritis oa is the most common degenerative joint disease and a major cause of pain and disability in adult individuals. This degenerative and progressive joint disease affects around 250 million people worldwide 2 and more than 27 million people in the united states. The term osteoarthritis describes a common, agerelated, heterogeneous group of disorders characterised pathologically by focal areas of loss of articular cartilage in synovial joints, associated with varying degrees of osteophyte formation, subchondral bone change, and synovitis. Osteoarthritis is traditionally thought of as a wear and tear disease which occurs as we age. Oa is a highly prevalent disease that is estimated to affect one in every eight adults and is a leading cause of chronic pain 1, 2. Risk factors include genetics, female sex, past trauma, advancing age, and. Osteoarthritis is the most common chronic musculoskeletal disorder. The current update addresses issues around decisionmaking and referral thresholds for surgery, and includes new recommendations about diagnosis and followup. Pain management in osteoarthritis osteoarthritis is the most common cause of disability in older people, and diseased hip and knee joints cause most di. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext.

At the molecular level, oa is the result of an imbal ance between the peptides that pro. Multimodal management is the mainstay of controlling clinical signs and ensuring patient comfort, however this involves potentially longterm pharmacological. Carmichael s 2006 putting theory into practice best practice management for osteoarthritis. Regular physical activity can also reduce your risk of developing other chronic diseases, such as heart disease and diabetes. Acute and chronic pain places a significant clinical, economic, and social burden on the humanity. Osteoarthritis oa is the most common form of arthritis. It is still unclear whether il1b and tnfa act independently or in concert to induce the pathogenesis of oa, or if a functional hierarchy exists between these proin.

It is characterised pathologically by focal areas of damage to the articular cartilage, centred on loadbearing areas, associated with new bone formation at the joint margins osteophytosis, changes in the subchondral bone, variable degrees of mild synovitis, and thickening of the joint capsule. It is extremely prevalent in society and is a major cause of disability. Cell death of chondrocytes is a combination between apoptosis and autophagy during the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis within an experimental model. It occurs most frequently in the hands, hips, and knees. The etiology of oa includes joint injury, obesity, aging, and heredity. The evaluation of elbow osteoarthritis should comprise an in depth study to detect the primary cause of the illness and to facilitate the decisionmaking process regarding personalized treatment. Knowing of this complex process of producing osteoarthritis is essential for development of new methods of diagnostic and treatment.

In particular, ekoa should be suspected in the differential diagnosis of patients having knee pain without radiographic koa, such as kellgrenlawrence kl grade 0 or 1. It is one of the top contributors to global disability, with the knee being identified as one of the joints most commonly affected by oa. Abstract the term osteoarthritis describes a common, agerelated, heterogeneous group of disorders characterised pathologically by focal areas of loss of articular cartilage in synovial joints, associated with varying degrees of orsteophyte formation. Osteoarthritis oa is a disease of high prevalence that produces substantial morbidity and is a leading cause of physical and psychological disability and expense, includ ing time lost from work, medical care, and disability sup port. Early osteoarthritisdefinition, pathogenesis, diagnosis. Osteoarthritis is the most common type of joint disease, affecting more than 30 million individuals in the united states alone. Osteoarthritis is by far the most common type of arthritis. Osteoarthritis oa is the most common form of arthritis and one of the leading causes of disability. Pathogenesis and clinical management of gouty arthritis. Diagnosis and management of hip and knee osteoarthritis. May 06, 2020 juhl c, christensen r, roos em, zhang w, lund h. Oa causes joint pain, typically worse with weightbearing and activity as well as can manifest with stiffness after inactivity. Osteoarthritis oa is a debilitating condition affecting up to 20% of canine and 60% of feline patients. An overview of the pathogenesis and treatment of elbow.

Pathogenesis and management of pain in osteoarthritis. The joints most commonly affected by oa include the knees, hips, ankle, elbow, shoulder, hand, wrist and spine. The pathogenesis of pain sensation includes mechanisms that result in acute or chronic pain. As there is no cure for oa, treatments currently focus on management of symptoms. Until recently, the focus of research into the pathophysiology of oa has been on articular cartilage and has. Oa pathogenesis and risk factors osteoarthritis action. With oa, the cartilage within a joint begins to break down and the underlying bone begins to change. Uric acid excretion humans lack the enzyme uricase, which degrades uric acid to highly soluble allantoin. Many recent guidelines from pain practitioners recommend use of opioids for the management of moderatetosevere chronic noncancer pain only when other interventions have failed. There are a variety of factors that play an important role in the pathogenesis of oa, including biomechanical factors, proinflammatory mediators, and proteases. Osteoarthritis is a common disorder of synovial joints. Lanns pain scale, confirming that oa pain should be considered a mixed pain, where precise clinical assessment may lead to specific therapeutic approaches. Some people call it degenerative joint disease or wear and tear arthritis.

Pain itself is described as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience beginning with a peripheral stimulus that undergoes a physiological process ultimately resulting in the sensation of pain. Osteoarthritis is a chronic degenerative disorder characterised by cartilage loss. Osteoarthritis is a common chronic debilitating joint disease mainly affecting the elderly. Adding to the individual and societal burden of oa, current treatment options lack any approved disease. Physical activity is a simple and effective, nondrug way to relieve arthritis pain. Pathogenesis and management of pain in osteoarthritis dieppe, pa and lohmander, stefan lu in the lancet 365 9463. The concept of early knee osteoarthritis ekoa is herein discussed in order to detect and intervene in patients who are at risk of developing definitive koa. Pain relief, improved joint function, and joint stability are the main goals of therapy. While this research has not yet produced effective diseasemodifying treatment options for oa, it has given direction to providers and patients alike for identifying the presence of and the risk factors for oa and helping manage the disease and slow its progression. Epidemiological studies estimate around 43 million affected patients in the united states alone and about 15% of the world population 1, 2, 3. In animal models, it has been shown that blocking il1 or its. Verbal and numerical rating scales best quantify pain intensity in. Bsava manual of canine and feline anaesthesia and analgesia second edition. Body mass index was an independent predictor of knee osteoarthritis incidence among a population of finnish farmers, with a relative risk of 1.

Impact of exercise type and dose on pain and disability in knee osteoarthritis. The disease most commonly affects the joints in the knees. Eular recommendations for pain management in inflammatory. Much has been learned about the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis oa in the last two decades. Joint damage is caused by a mixture of systemic factors that predispose to the disease, and local mechanical.

Pathophysiology of gout uric acid metabolism4,5 in humans, uric acid is the end product of purine metabolism in the liver figure 1. Osteoarthritis is the most common arthropathy and is a leading cause of pain and disability in many western countries. Pathogenesis and clinical management of gouty arthritis renu saigal1. While diagnosis is fairly straightforward, the aetiology behind the disease process, and therefore the treatment strategies, is not. Osteoarthritis, a joint disease that affects a variety of species, is characterized by progressive loss of joint function, pain, cartilage destruction, subchondral bone remodeling, thickening of joint capsules, and increased synovial effusion. Treatment of oa pain there is currently no known cure for osteoarthritis, and treatment of pain represents a major part of oa management. Pathogenesis and management of pain in osteoarthritis paul a dieppe, l stefan lohmander summary the term osteoarthritis describes a common, agerelated, heterogeneous group of disorders characterised pathologically by focal areas of loss of articular cartilage in synovial joints, associated with varying degrees of. A joint is the point of connection between two bones in our body. Osteoarthritis is a common degenerative disorder of the articular cartilage associated with hypertrophic bone changes.

For example, symptomatic knee oa occurs in 15% of adults 55years old, with a radiographic incidence of 80% in those over 75 years old. Osteoarthritis pathogenesis a complex process that. Several studies showed that inflammation triggered by factors like biomechanical stress is involved in the development of. It is the leading cause of activity limitation and absenteeism among workingage adults and is associated with a significant decline in function among older individuals. Pathophysiology of gout uric acid metabolism4,5 in humans, uric acid is the end product of purine metabolism in. Osteoarthritis oa is probably the most common type of arthritis, and is responsible for a good number of joint pain calls to the doctor. It is important to treat osteoarthritis effectively using a multidisciplinary approach tailored to the patients needs. We shall examine the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis so we may be able to understand the function and structure of cartilage, as well as the initiating events and factors of the disease.

Pathophysiology of osteoarthritis 375 of articular tissue degradation. It can be thought of as primarily a degenerative disorder with inflammatory components arising from the biochemical breakdown of articular hyaline. Mar 15, 2014 in conclusion, osteoarthritis is a multifactorial disease of whole joint, with a complex pathomechanism involving interaction between the multiple joint tissue. Osteoarthritis etiology, diagnosis, treatment options, and images at epocrates online, the leading provider of drug and disease decision support tools. Osteoarthritis oa was previously thought to be a normal consequence of aging. Eular recommendations for the health professionals.

Osteoarthritis pathogenesis a complex process that involves. However, the pathogenesis of oa is much more complex than just wear and tear and the term osteoarthritis, where itis is indicative of an inflammatory process, is indeed correct. Sutton s, clutterbuck a, harris p et al 2009 the contribution of the synovium, synovial derived inflammatory cytokines and neuropeptides to the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Request pdf pathogenesis and management of pain in osteoarthritis the term osteoarthritis describes a common, agerelated, heterogeneous group of disorders characterised pathologically by. Between 2015 and 2050, the world health organization who estimates that the proportion of the worlds population over 60 years will become nearly double from 12% to 22%.